#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Function to swap two integers using reference variables
void swap(int &x, int &y) {
// Create a temporary variable to hold one of the values
int temp = x; // Store the value of x in temp
// Swap the values using the references
x = y; // Assign the value of y to x
y = temp; // Assign the original value of x (stored in temp) to y
}
int main() {
// Declare variables with names
int Ram_marks = 85, Sita_marks = 92;
cout << “Before swapping:\n”;
cout << “Ram’s marks: ” << Ram_marks << endl;
cout << “Sita’s marks: ” << Sita_marks << endl;
// Call the swap function to exchange values
swap(Ram_marks, Sita_marks);
cout << “\nAfter swapping:\n”;
cout << “Ram’s marks: ” << Ram_marks << endl;
cout << “Sita’s marks: ” << Sita_marks << endl;
return 0;
}
Output:
Before swapping:
Ram’s marks: 85
Sita’s marks: 92
After swapping:
Ram’s marks: 92
Sita’s marks: 85
Here’s a step-by-step explanation of the code:
1. Header and Namespace:
- #include <iostream>: This line includes the iostream header file for input/output operations.
- using namespace std;: This brings the std namespace into scope, allowing you to use elements like cin, cout, and endl without the std:: prefix.
2. Swap Function:
- void swap(int &x, int &y): This declares a function named swap that takes two integer reference variables (x and y) as arguments. It doesn’t return a value (hence void).
- int temp = x;: A temporary variable temp is created to store the value of x temporarily.
- x = y;: The value of y is assigned to x, effectively overwriting x’s original value.
- y = temp;: The original value of x (stored in temp) is assigned to y, completing the swap.
3. Main Function:
- int main(): This is where program execution begins.
- int Ram_marks = 85, Sita_marks = 92;: Two integer variables are declared and initialized with values.
- cout << “Before swapping:…”;: The initial values of the variables are printed to the console.
- swap(Ram_marks, Sita_marks);: The swap function is called, passing the variables Ram_marks and Sita_marks by reference. This means the function directly modifies the original variables.
- cout << “After swapping:…”;: The swapped values of the variables are printed to the console.
return 0;: The program returns 0 to indicate successful execution.
